Book Review on 'Predictably Irrational' by Dan Ariely Essay

Book Review on 'Typically Irrational' by Dan Ariely - Essay Example While as old style financial matters clarifies how people are normal creatures who practice rationale in breaking down the benefits and bad marks of given monetary circumstances with a point of settling on sound monetary choices, it doesn't clarify in an ideal way how individuals carry on settling on financial choices. Considering this, that Dan Ariely is another age researcher that he nullifies in his typically unreasonable book that people carry on in essentially reasonable manners. Dan Ariely along these lines utilizes the ordinary experience and nitty gritty and experimentation exploration to clarify how desires, feelings, normal practices, and other imperceptible, apparently counter-intuitive powers adjust singular thinking capacities. Dan Ariely utilizes sharp analyses to investigate how silly powers and accepted practices impact our financial conduct. He sees that there is a social move in settling on financial choices where less market and accepted practices are presently add itionally fulfilling, imaginative, satisfying, and fun. He performs exciting tests on how individuals purchase, sell, and settle on life time’s choices subsequently exhibiting their anticipated unreasonable monetary dynamic practices. This paper draws an away from of how individuals exhibit nonsensical practices while settling on key monetary choices that identify with purchasing, selling, and other financially determined choices. Rundown of Content The book â€Å"Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions†Ã¢ by Dan Ariely has 15 sections that examine the methods of reasoning and occasions that modify the traditionalâ rational conduct in settling on monetary choices. Dan Ariely clarifies reality with regards to relativity affirming how people as often as possible respect their condition comparable to other people (Ariely 10). In doing this, individuals look at things that are effectively similar in showing up at specific choices. He proceeds to clarify this correlation by giving instances of three special first night goal choices two in Rome and one in Paris. He utilizes this guide to portray the bait where buyers will in general have a particular change in inclination between two alternatives when a third choice surfaces. Considering this, Dan Ariely clarifies how relativity can assist individuals with settling on savvy choices and simultaneously belittling their lives. He pertinently noticed that when individuals contrast their lives with those of others in a similar classification, they will in general show jealousy and desire. He similarly figures that individuals once in a while get fulfilled and the more they get the more they try to get more. Be that as it may, he takes note of that we can turn away this by maintaining a strategic distance from relativity by controlling the happenings around us. Dan Ariely clarifies the false notion of gracefully and request where buyers think about worth, quality, or accessibility before settling on a buying choice. He takes note of that prescribing an incentive to a thing with no underlying worth prompts unreasonable valuing. He sees that in spite of the fact that costs apply discretionarily, shoppers will in general grapple with those costs upon their first buy. In fact, the clients partner with this cost for quite a while influencing their social worth and therefore silliness in cost. Ariely consequently utilizes the self-assertive value securing to challenge gracefully and request hypotheses saying that request is dependent upon control and subsequently influences showcase balance. He in this manner reasons that showcase balance depends on consumer’s memory and not favored decisions. He further clarifies the expense of free thought where individuals pick free alternatives instead of

Education is a significant tool Essay

Rodriguez and Freire could share a concurrence on the way that instruction is a critical device on the way prompting achievement. Freire would differ with Rodriguez on the way that there is no â€Å"end of education†. Richard Rodriguez and Paolo Freire compose of instruction as the center factor in one’s life. 2,000,000 Minutes, the film makes the contention that U.S. understudies are performing at a fair level, best case scenario, in math and science, and this can't stand, given the becoming monetary and instructive may of countries like China and India. U.S. student’s aren’t being pushed hard enough and are simply getting by through secondary school, with the assistance of The Banking Concept of Education and The Achievement of Desire we can roll out an improvement in the student’s training and perspectives towards needing to be fruitful throughout everyday life. Through Freire’s viewpoint, Richard Rodriguez would be viewed as a financial understudy, however could later be viewed as an issue presenting understudy over an incredible span; according to Freire, Rodriguez was viewed as a repository which he didn't comprehend the information he ingested. With this examination, the peruser can presume that the financial instruction is an incredible piece of a student’s life; as found in the narrative, 2 Million Minutes, understudies utilize all their time they have in secondary school, considering, retaining their school educational plan so as to get extraordinary training at an elevated level college to turn out to be exceptionally effective in their lives. This all ties into how the political part of the study hall affects the general public in general and having this force can change ages to come. The sorts of connections Rodriguez had with his instructors, family and in life was influenced by explicit styles of training and as he glanced through Freire’s focal point of the financial idea, he came to understood that that strategy for instruction detrimentally affected his life. At an early stage in Rodriguez’s exposition he outlines the attributes of a machine which affirmed Freire’s sees in regards to the financial idea. In spite of his meaning of a â€Å"scholarship boy†, Rodriguez needed fearlessness which drove him to be overwhelmed by his instructors and his books. Through Freire’s perspective, Rodriguez would be viewed as a waste bin. He was filled with hisâ teacher’s information, yet additionally with data acquired from his â€Å"important† books. Rodriguez is by all accounts an exemplary understudy of Freire’s banking framework. Rodriguez gives indications of escaping ceaselessly from the methods of the financial idea at an opportune time. He surrenders by saying, â€Å"I turned into the prized understudy on edge and anxious to learn. â€Å"Too energetic, too on edge an imitative and unimaginative pupil.† At the time Rodriguez was basically simply engrossing the described data that he acquired from his educators and books. Despite the fact that he had the option to portray the data he got, he didn't really have a clue or comprehend the information he assimilated. Rodriguez and Freire both express that training is imperative for progress. Freire states that, â€Å"Projecting a flat out numbness onto others, a quality of the philosophy of persecution, discredits training and information as procedures of inquiry† (Freire 3).Rodriguez didn't address or break down the data; he essentially acknowledged and stored the information with no questions. By figuring out how to utilize his instruction astut ely and make associations between various writings, he uplifted his knowledge. In 2 Million Minutes the highlighted American understudies Neil and Brittany are positively keen, yet they appear to be more worried about extracurricular exercises and companions than with their examinations. Indian understudies Rohit and Apoorva, be that as it may, and Chinese understudies Xiaoyuan and Ruizhang all arrangement professions in math or science, and their families and schools bolster these objectives. The film fuses these students’ portrayals of their secondary school encounters and future goals with the expectations of their folks, and producers compare scenes from the various homes and schools. As it states â€Å"knowledge is a blessing offered by the individuals who view themselves as educated upon those whom they consider to know nothing.†(pg.1) Freire is expressing that the understudies know nothing and that the activity of the instructor is to fill the â€Å"piggy bank† of the students’ minds with coins of information. In the event tha t we simply give the understudies what they need and don’t permit them to connect in those days they aren’t truly picking up anything. The two of them ought to have the option to express their assessments, have discussions in which the two understudies and instructors take an interest, and the understudies ought to have the chance to lead conversations. Thusly understudies build up a relationship with their instructors, their companions, and the world. This will empower them to get instruction where the instructors don't mistreat the understudies, and there is an argumentative connection between the two;â showing that they give it a second thought and truly need to be educated and discover some new information. In spite of the fact that Freire and Rodriguez have various conclusions, the two of them concur that instruction is the overwhelming occasion in the forming of a grown-up life. Paulo Freire and Richard Rodriguez assessments of instruction are totally contradicted, however they arrive at a finish of understanding in that the essential instructive objective is to frame a relationship with oneself, and with the world. Rodriguez spent numerous long periods of training satisfying the â€Å"banking† idea, and in spite of the fact that he later perceives the misfortune it involved, he fundamentally accepts that impersonation assumes a significant job during the time spent instruction for one should do this to succeed. Here, Freire would contend that the instructive framework is presently abusive towards the understudies, and that there is a feeling of necrophilia behind everything, that being the adoration for death. This affection for death, he clarifies, is the procedure of showing dependent on memory. Rodriguez would negate this clarification of instruction, handing-off that â€Å"banking† assumes a huge job in the accomplishment of the understudy. Freire and Rodriguez have contradicting sees on the thoughts of impersonation, distance, and force, Freire accepting these ideas should be evacuated or changed and Rodriguez accepting that they are significant angles for scholastic achievem ent. Freire’s see on Rodriguez is that he genuinely didn’t comprehend what he was being instructed, and that’s where The Banking Concept of Education comes in which Rodriguez isn’t speaking with his educators he’s simply tuning in to what he’s being instructed. Paulo Freire and Richard Rodriguez have conflicting perspectives concerning instruction. Paulo Freire talks about the negativities of present instruction and clarifies how it ought to be changed, while Rodriguez represents his own life in training, and how it drove him to be the individual he is today. Freire has confidence in â€Å"problem presenting education† which comprises of an alive, unique change in understudies, permitting them to become acculturated with a relationship with the world. 2 Million Minutes it expressed that U.S. understudies aren’t engaged and resolved to do well in school like those in different nations like India and china. In examination between the United States with China and India, there is an unmistakable distinction between the challenges of the educational program inside the instructive framework. Despite the fact that we would accept that the instructive framework in U.S. is the finished and the absolute best one on the planet; the measure of the educational program substance understudies learn are in reality significantly not as much as understudies in China and India. Freire would contend that if Rodriguez was instructed under the technique for issue presenting he would have grasped his home life and would have created as a person. At long last Rodriguez had adjusted his life and reconnected with his family. Instruction at long last aided Rodriguez understand that different components of his life are significant. Both Freire and Rodriguez accept that an individual can't be without training.

Changes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Changes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Changes Changes. They happen all the time in all areas of life. David Bowie even has a song about it. It is a fact of life, an Admissions Offices are no different. Every year we look at what has happened over the past year, what has worked and what needs fine tuning and what we need to change for the future. For this coming year, we have been looking at our review process for our freshman admission decisions and as well our transfer admission process. The transfer review process is still being discussed by both our office and the faculty, while the freshman review process changes will impact our incoming EA and RD applications for the 2019 year. Over the past several years, our applicant pool has grown much stronger, both in the academic and co-curricular areas. In addition, our applicant pool has grown in size, with the expectation that we might have close to 30,000 freshman applicants this year. As the applicant pools academic data-points have grown, we have started to see a much larger group of students who are very similar in their academic profiles. In order to make more informed decisions during our admission reviews and have a positive impact on our incoming freshman class, we have decided to increase the number of files we look at in our holistic review process (looking at everything in the file). While we will still have a number of applications where we focus primarily on the academic areas of core grades, rigor of curriculum and test scores, our goal is to expand our review of a larger group of applicants to take into account all that the student does inside and outside of of the classroom. This will not change the timing of our decisions (unless we are suddenly overwhelmed with a huge growth in our applicant pool), so you can look back at our previous timelines over the past years and know we will be following those three decision timelines fairly closely. The biggest admissions points where this change might be seen will be in our November Early Action decisions and in our small group of February admits, where in past years our review has been primarily based on academics. While we have always had a small group of EA applications where we looked at everything in the file, mainly to determine if a students application should be deferred or denied, we will now be increasing this holistic review process into a much greater number of applicants for these decisions. We will still have a number of decisions during these times where our review is focused on the the core academic areas, especially in our EA round where a large number of applicants have extremely strong academic records. Since we try to make our process as clear as possible, we have been communicating this message in our fall travel and now in this blog post so that our applicants and families will feel more informed about our process. Hopefully, this message clears up any questions you might have about our review process, and it will help slow down the comments on the blog asking if X or Y really needs to be submitted since we are just looking at academics. Go Dawgs, and good luck out there!

The Monuments and Memorials to 9/11 Victims

Lies Youve Been Told About Writing Essay about Myself

Lies You've Been Told About Writing Essay about Myself Therefore, if you learn how to think, through writing, then you'll develop a well-organized, efficient mind and one which is well-founded and certain. The most significant thing is that you justify whatever you say in your essay. Every thought should be relevant and concise. Say you think that everybody should learn at least one-second language. So whenever you are writing an essay, you're harnessing the complete might of culture to your life. Announce your Conclusion there is Nothing more provocative than revealing a conclusion from the start. For example, if you're reading a touching story, it may leave an enormous influence on your whole mindset in the practice of writing. Write about something you care about and even when you are assigned a particular topic for an essay, select a view or aspect of that topic which you like and would delight in writing about. Hence, if you believe banking essays are boring just like your company studies are, then you're probably wrong here. You can avail numerous search engines such as google for any of a person's essay subject. If you would like to convince your readers, make certain you present information in an excellent manner that may be read easily. It's important to get a topic that's specific enough that finding sources is relatively simple, but broad enough that you could write many pages about it. In summary, it's important to specify what would be helpful for the study and where can be used. What you have to do is to go over the topic. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will understand what to research and that which you will deal with. With that, you must make certain that the stream of your essay is smooth and logical. It's important to get a way of organizing your long essay. It is possible to use a modest illustrative material. Each of these kinds of paper is owned by the category of informative essay. You've got a guide and get ideas about what to do with your essay. Do your best in writing the essay and be sure that you are not going to incorporate any opinions. Articles and books are frequently the topic of the majority of analyses essays. Writing Essay about Myself Secrets That No One Else Knows About A college essay can be quite difficult so there isn't any reason to feel awkward when seeking help. Within the body, you must have three to four ideas. There's no better approach to do so than to write. If you're a student, or anyone else who's going to do a great deal of writing, then you need to provide yourself with the most suitable technology, especially now, when it's virtually costless to achieve that. Aside from freshmen, there are specific college essays which will pose a great deal of problem for students. Therefore, it's always recommended that you watch the documentary more often th an once as a way to properly digest it and know what it is about. Essay writing is not an easy feat. If you compose an essay arguing an argument, you are going to have to begin a thesis statement. When most students regard essay writing as a dull and hard assignment, it isn't necessarily accurate. There is barely any student, who wasn't assigned to compose an essay. You can produce your essay stick out from the rest by making use of the most suitable idioms at the most suitable spot. Just with the addition of long sentences for the interest of earning essay longer will not help. An essay is a rather brief bit of writing on a certain topic. You should compose a reflective essay that is simple to comprehend and you can do it by employing simple language. Or, based on the intricacy of the subject, you can take one separate paragraph only for that. While there's no one perfect manner of writing an ideal essay, there are a couple of things one can bear in mind which help to fulfill the PTE Academic format. Create numerous drafts and select the ideal one which best illustrates your thoughts. Always keep in mind that the crucial element to have an excellent writing is to realize the topic. Keep in mind, a poor title does not absolutely kill an essay, but a wonderful one may be delicious cherry on top. The conclusion ought to have a brief explanation of what's written. In brief, you can't fail by making the suitable introduction to your quote. In truth, it is normal for the title to be a couple of lines long.

Ambition in Macbeth Free Essays

Ambition is often the driving force in one’s life. It can have an extremely dominant impact on not only yourself, but also many people in your surroundings. You have the ability to control if the outcomes either have a lasting negative or positive effect. We will write a custom essay sample on Ambition in Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now When a goal requires determination and hard work to complete, personal morals often take a back seat to the aspiration of accomplishing the goal. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, it is clear that like many other great leaders, Macbeth exemplifies the necessary leadership virtue of ambition. Macbeth’s ambition does not just drive him to do great things. It in fact controls him. The playwright explores the idea of how an individual’s ambition can cause them to deceive others, make irrational decisions, and cause internal turmoil. Ambition, along with the influence of his wife, Lady Macbeth, causes Macbeth to deceive his peers in order to attain position as king. The first time the reader sees Macbeth’s ambition causing him to be deceitful, is when him and his wife invite the current King of Scotland into their home for a dinner, with the soul intent of killing him. After receiving news of Macbeth’s new honor, she holds greater ambitions for Macbeth and pushes him to the edge to achieve the personal goals that she has set for him. To achieve the main goal of becoming king, Macbeth must deceive Duncan in way that will allow him to take over the throne. He must do this by taking action when â€Å"The bell invites [him]. Hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell. That summons thee to heaven or to hell. † (Act II, scene i) This visibly demonstrates how Macbeth deceived his friend into trusting him, when clearly his wife and he had different intentions all along. This proves how an individual’s ambition has the capability to consume ones personal morals and values for the worse. The impacting role of ambition in Macbeth’s life also causes him to make quick, remorseful, irrational decisions. One of these decisions that he made was hiring murderers to execute Banquo. Macbeth believes in the witches prophesy that Banquo will be the father of a king, making Fleance, Banquo’s son, a definite threat to Macbeth’s current position as king. He wants to carry on his legacy as ruler of Scotland, so it appears to him that he has no other options but to eliminate his opposition. Caught up in the moment and his recently developed ambition drove him to do whatever it takes to stay in power. Macbeth realizes that â€Å"It will have blood; they say, blood will have blood† (Act III, scene iv), but what he is unaware of is his guilty conscience that is slowly beginning to creep over himself. Due to his thrill to kill and illogical decision making, Macbeth begins to have second thoughts about his actions. These decisions cause a great disturbance and uncertainty for Macbeth, soon c    Macbeth’s ambitious drive to become king causes him to have internal conflicts. These issues have been forced upon him by his wife, and have fully consumed his mind and led him to hallucinate. Internal turmoil-ghost, dagger. A strong desire to do or to achieve something, typically requiring determination and hard work. Desire and determination to achieve success Desire, aspiration, ambition In Macbeth, ambition is presented as a dangerous quality. It causes the downfall of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and triggers a series of deaths in Macbeth. Ambition is therefore the driving force of the play. Macbeth’s ambition is driven by a number of factors including: Prophesy: The Macbeth witches prophesize that Macbeth will become King. Macbeth believes them and the various prophesies are realized throughout the play. However, it is unclear whether these prophesies are preordained or self fulfilling. Lady Macbeth: his wife is the driving force that encourages Macbeth to overcome his strong sense of guilt and take action on the prophesies. Macbeth’s ambition soon spirals out of control and forces him to murder again and again to cover up his previous wrongdoings. Macbeth’s first victims are the Chamberlains who are blamed and killed by Macbeth for the murder of King Duncan. Banquo’s murder soon follows once Macbeth fears that the truth could be exposed. Ambition is often the driving force in one’s life. It is supposed to be the motivating factor that drives one towards success. Society also deems ambition a necessary quality of their leader. It can be said that Macbeth exhibits this quality of ambition. He is the strong, valiant warrior who has won in battle and brought victory to Scotland. However, Macbeth’s quest to acquire more power-his ambition-ultimately leads to his tragic demise. How can one allow himself to be destroyed by such a thing? Before Duncan’s murder, Macbeth questions and second guesses his ambitious tendencies and actions. Despite his anxiety, he succumbs to these tendencies and finds himself in an increasingly precarious situation, with his back against the wall and growing ever closer to his almost inevitable end. It is obvious that Macbeth has ambition, as most people who are in power do. In fact, ambition is often a necessary quality of people in such high standing as Macbeth is. However, Macbeth’s ambition does not just drive him to do great things. It in fact controls him Through all these things, one can clearly see that Macbeth is headed on a path for disaster; a path started, and forcefully driven, by his ambition. His ambition drove him to kill Duncan so he could acquire the throne. His ambition then drove him to order the murders of Banquo and Fleance. Through that process alone, one could say that Macbeth’s ambition did lead to his downfall. However, even more disastrous than the external consequences of his ambition were his internal consequences. Macbeth’s ambition was constantly putting him in a struggle between right and wrong. Macbeth finally lost this battle, and succumbed to the evil side of his ambition. Being the successful, proud, and noble warrior that he was, maybe this loss of what was good inside of him was the root of Macbeth’s insanity. One will never know, but it can be said that Macbeth’s ambition, whether through his actions or through his own internal degradation, did ultimately lead to his demise. How to cite Ambition in Macbeth, Papers

Ambition in Macbeth Free Essays

Ambition is often the driving force in one’s life. It can have an extremely dominant impact on not only yourself, but also many people in your surroundings. You have the ability to control if the outcomes either have a lasting negative or positive effect. We will write a custom essay sample on Ambition in Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now When a goal requires determination and hard work to complete, personal morals often take a back seat to the aspiration of accomplishing the goal. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, it is clear that like many other great leaders, Macbeth exemplifies the necessary leadership virtue of ambition. Macbeth’s ambition does not just drive him to do great things. It in fact controls him. The playwright explores the idea of how an individual’s ambition can cause them to deceive others, make irrational decisions, and cause internal turmoil. Ambition, along with the influence of his wife, Lady Macbeth, causes Macbeth to deceive his peers in order to attain position as king. The first time the reader sees Macbeth’s ambition causing him to be deceitful, is when him and his wife invite the current King of Scotland into their home for a dinner, with the soul intent of killing him. After receiving news of Macbeth’s new honor, she holds greater ambitions for Macbeth and pushes him to the edge to achieve the personal goals that she has set for him. To achieve the main goal of becoming king, Macbeth must deceive Duncan in way that will allow him to take over the throne. He must do this by taking action when â€Å"The bell invites [him]. Hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell. That summons thee to heaven or to hell. † (Act II, scene i) This visibly demonstrates how Macbeth deceived his friend into trusting him, when clearly his wife and he had different intentions all along. This proves how an individual’s ambition has the capability to consume ones personal morals and values for the worse. The impacting role of ambition in Macbeth’s life also causes him to make quick, remorseful, irrational decisions. One of these decisions that he made was hiring murderers to execute Banquo. Macbeth believes in the witches prophesy that Banquo will be the father of a king, making Fleance, Banquo’s son, a definite threat to Macbeth’s current position as king. He wants to carry on his legacy as ruler of Scotland, so it appears to him that he has no other options but to eliminate his opposition. Caught up in the moment and his recently developed ambition drove him to do whatever it takes to stay in power. Macbeth realizes that â€Å"It will have blood; they say, blood will have blood† (Act III, scene iv), but what he is unaware of is his guilty conscience that is slowly beginning to creep over himself. Due to his thrill to kill and illogical decision making, Macbeth begins to have second thoughts about his actions. These decisions cause a great disturbance and uncertainty for Macbeth, soon c    Macbeth’s ambitious drive to become king causes him to have internal conflicts. These issues have been forced upon him by his wife, and have fully consumed his mind and led him to hallucinate. Internal turmoil-ghost, dagger. A strong desire to do or to achieve something, typically requiring determination and hard work. Desire and determination to achieve success Desire, aspiration, ambition In Macbeth, ambition is presented as a dangerous quality. It causes the downfall of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and triggers a series of deaths in Macbeth. Ambition is therefore the driving force of the play. Macbeth’s ambition is driven by a number of factors including: Prophesy: The Macbeth witches prophesize that Macbeth will become King. Macbeth believes them and the various prophesies are realized throughout the play. However, it is unclear whether these prophesies are preordained or self fulfilling. Lady Macbeth: his wife is the driving force that encourages Macbeth to overcome his strong sense of guilt and take action on the prophesies. Macbeth’s ambition soon spirals out of control and forces him to murder again and again to cover up his previous wrongdoings. Macbeth’s first victims are the Chamberlains who are blamed and killed by Macbeth for the murder of King Duncan. Banquo’s murder soon follows once Macbeth fears that the truth could be exposed. Ambition is often the driving force in one’s life. It is supposed to be the motivating factor that drives one towards success. Society also deems ambition a necessary quality of their leader. It can be said that Macbeth exhibits this quality of ambition. He is the strong, valiant warrior who has won in battle and brought victory to Scotland. However, Macbeth’s quest to acquire more power-his ambition-ultimately leads to his tragic demise. How can one allow himself to be destroyed by such a thing? Before Duncan’s murder, Macbeth questions and second guesses his ambitious tendencies and actions. Despite his anxiety, he succumbs to these tendencies and finds himself in an increasingly precarious situation, with his back against the wall and growing ever closer to his almost inevitable end. It is obvious that Macbeth has ambition, as most people who are in power do. In fact, ambition is often a necessary quality of people in such high standing as Macbeth is. However, Macbeth’s ambition does not just drive him to do great things. It in fact controls him Through all these things, one can clearly see that Macbeth is headed on a path for disaster; a path started, and forcefully driven, by his ambition. His ambition drove him to kill Duncan so he could acquire the throne. His ambition then drove him to order the murders of Banquo and Fleance. Through that process alone, one could say that Macbeth’s ambition did lead to his downfall. However, even more disastrous than the external consequences of his ambition were his internal consequences. Macbeth’s ambition was constantly putting him in a struggle between right and wrong. Macbeth finally lost this battle, and succumbed to the evil side of his ambition. Being the successful, proud, and noble warrior that he was, maybe this loss of what was good inside of him was the root of Macbeth’s insanity. One will never know, but it can be said that Macbeth’s ambition, whether through his actions or through his own internal degradation, did ultimately lead to his demise. How to cite Ambition in Macbeth, Papers